Cool Retreats: Hill Stations: Kerala

Attappady
Located 38 kms from Mannarkkad, the place consists of mostly hilly highland terrain, fed by the tributaries of the River Cauvery. An extensive mountain valley above the crest of the Ghat ranges with numerous rivulets of the Bhavani River, Attapady is inhabited mainly by tribes and some settlers from Tamil Nadu. A beautiful synthesis of mountains, rivers and forests, Attapaddy is of great interest to anthropologists, as this is the habitat of many tribes like the 'irolas' and 'mudugars'.

Devikulam
Located 16 kms from Munnar, this gorgeous hill station symbolizes nature in her pristine glory. The crisp and cool mountain air heavily laden with the fragrance of wild flowers and rare herbs is any nature lover's paradise.

Topstation
The idyllic hill station is located 32 kms from Munnar, on the Munnar-Kodaikanal Road. Perched at an altitude of 1700 m above sea level, it is the highest point on Munnar-Kodaikanal Road. The rare Neelakurinji (Strobilanthus), the flower that blooms once in 12 years, belongs to this region.

Munnar
This hill station, located at an altitude of 1600 m above sea level, was once the summer resort of the erstwhile British government in South India. Sprawling tea plantations, picture book towns, winding lanes and holiday facilities make this a popular resort town. Among the exotic flora found in the forests and grasslands is the 'Neelakurinji'.

Peerumedu
It is a small hill station, snuggled at an altitude of 914 m above sea level, on way to Thekkady. The famous plantation town takes its name from Peer Mohammad, a Sufi saint and close associates of the erstwhile royal family of Travancore.

Nelliyampathy
Located at a distance of 52 kms from Palakkad, the cool hills of Nelliampathy, nestling atop the Western Ghats, offer a breathtaking view of the misty mountains and enchanting valleys interspersed with sprawling tea, coffee, cardamom and orange plantations.

Pakshipatalam
It is located 7 kms north east of Thirunelli Temple in Brahma Giri Hills is a challenging tourist spot. A trekkers' paradise, this place is accessible only by trekking. Located at an altitude of 1740 m above sea level, this hill station offers great opportunities for bird watching. One has to trek 17 kms through the wild forests, to reach 'Pakshipathalam'

Ponmudi
The salubrious hill station of Ponmudi is at a distance of 61 kms from Thiruvananthapuram. Perched at an altitude of over 100 m above sea level on the Western Ghats, the shimmering green waters of the winding streams and verdant woods of Ponmudi do not spare anybody. Trekking is a passion with the visitors to Ponmudi, lying within easy driving distance from Thrivandrum.

Wayanad
The forests of Wayanad are a veritable treasure house of Flora & Fauna. Wildlife freely roams in the sanctuaries of Matthunga, Begur and Tholpetty. Home to stunning orchids, pepper, cinnamon, cardamom, rubber, bamboo and coffee, Wayanad has a surprise in store for you at every nook & corner. Tucked in the verdant tropical womb are the twin lakes of Vythiri & Lakkidi. 3 Km from Lakkidi is the Pookote Lake, covered in parts with lotus, a picture out of a fairy tale book. At 6,890 ft is Chembra Peak just 24 Km from Vythiri.

Silent Valley
One of the least disturbed forests of 'God's own country' the Silent Valley. It is popular that it is named so because it is devoid of the most common sound found in the Rain forests; The incessant chirping of cicadas. The local name of the forest is 'Sairandhri', another name of Draupadi, the wife of the Pandavas. Some believe its name is derived from the lion-tailed Macaque, whose scientific name is Macca Silenus. Due to its topographic isolation no human being has ever made it their home. Places to see around Silent Valley, Attapady (35 Km) -- a tribal settlement for the Irulas and Mudugars, Malleshwaram Peak -- worshipped as a Shivaling by the Tribals.

Malampuzha
Malampuzha Dam is in the foothills of the Western Ghats. It is known as the abode of Yakshi, because of the exquisite sculpture of Yakshi in the landscaped gardens of the irrigation dam at this popular picnic spot. The central attraction of this town is the unabashed yet enticing sculpture created in concrete by Kanai Kunhiraman, Kerala's best-known contemporary sculptor. Referred as the Vrindavan of Kerala, the place derives its name from the Malampuzha River a tributary of Bharatpuzha, the state's second largest river. The Rock Garden here, created by the fames re-cycling artist Nekchand, is particularly worth spending time. Also boating on the reservoir is another favourite sport.

Snake Park (Malampuzha)
Set up in 1984 by the state govt. the park houses several snakes like the Forsten's cat snake, the brown vine snake and of course the King Cobra, Indian rock python, kraits, the trinket snake and the rock pit viper, the wolf snake, and a variety of vipers like the saw scaled viper and Russel viper. There are various types of cobra like the common cobra, the monocled cobra, and the spectacled cobra. Also in the park are some varieties of water snakes, crocodiles and the American green iguana. Also in Malampuzha is the thread garden, a museum of a replica of nature, all made of thread.

Palakkad
Palakkad the rice bowl of Kerala is a gateway between Kerala & Tamil Nadu. The Palakkad Fort built by Hyder Ali of Mysore in 1776, is popularly called Tipu's fort. The once proud Granite fort of strong bastions & thick walls and a drawbridge, maybe crumbling with age, yet is worth a visit.

India's Golden Triangle

Busy street life, tranquil havens, culture shocks and architectural splendours await those who take the classic introduction to this vast and varied country, says Matthew Teller

WHAT IS THE 'GOLDEN TRIANGLE'?

India's Golden Triangle comprises the three most visited cities in the country's north-west - Delhi, Agra and Jaipur, which are all connected to each other by good road and rail links. On the map, these form a roughly equilateral triangle, some 200-250km along each side. This triangle has been dubbed "golden" for the extraordinary wealth of cultural and historical splendour on offer in each of the three cities.

Jaipur, capital of the largely desert state of Rajasthan, is home to some of Asia's best bazaars. You could spend weeks in Delhi, the sprawling, fascinating Indian capital, and not see it all, while Agra, once the heart of the Moghul empire, boasts the unparalleled beauty of the Taj Mahal, which adorns the banks of the Yamuna river. The Golden Triangle is a classic introduction to India: if you've never been to the subcontinent before, start here. Which usually involves a flight into Delhi.

IS THAT A GOOD PLAN?

Yes. For all its dirt, traffic and crowds, the Indian capital is a remarkably amiable entry-point to the nation. Guidebooks prognosticate gloomily about the culture shock and hassle factor, but all but the most sensitive souls are likely to find a first visit more inspiring than shocking or maddening. Delhi is a megalopolis on the up: the population is young, the economy is dynamic (visibly so: you'll see miserable poverty but you'll also see countless individual-run small businesses) and yet the cultural roots are holding firm.

Delhi's chief "sight" is its street life. The teeming bazaars of imagination lie in "Old" Delhi, the city of the Moghuls, established in the 17th century and still largely Muslim: the immense Jama Masjid (Great Mosque) dominates the quarter. Its main thoroughfare, the tumultuous Chandni Chowk, abuts the Red Fort, whose pristine lawns and lofty Moghul audience halls offer a tranquil haven. To the south, British-built New Delhi is a fascinating contrast, radiating out from the boutiques and cafés of Connaught Place: here, the dusty alleys are replaced by broad, arrow-straight boulevards and four-square monuments. The imperial mall, Rajpath, leads to the mighty arch of India Gate, designed by Edwin Lutyens in the 1920s, and now the focus of New Delhi's passeggiata.

AREN'T ALL THESE PLACES VERY TOURISTY?

Delhi, being such a large (population around 14 million) and diverse city, absorbs its tourists with ease. Agra and Jaipur both have sizeable numbers of Western tourists roaming around. Jaipur, as capital of Rajasthan, has a role as a commercial and administrative centre that has nothing to do with tourism, and a population of 2.5m. The city's alluringly frenetic old quarter is known as the Pink City after its red-washed buildings, packed with stalls selling everything from silk to milk. Of Jaipur's numerous monuments, the Hawa Mahal - an ornate five-storey façade, designed to allow the women of the royal household to observe the street in anonymity - has become an icon of Rajasthani architecture.

AND THE THIRD POINT OF THE TRIANGLE?

Completing the triangle, Agra - for all its monumental splendour - can be a trial, with the perpetual smog and the hard-sell hawking. It can at times feel like a swollen village: its parks and public spaces have an oddly suburban ambience. Yet it boasts a stupendous Moghul fort in the city centre and the ethereally beautiful Taj Mahal.

The marble mausoleum is by far the most popular tourist site in India - and despite the hype and the cliché it is an astounding and mesmerising building. In addition, Agra offers other jewelled tombs and architectural marvels as well as a medieval-like maze of ancient bazaars, a mass of hooting, tooting traffic and some of the most rapacious shopkeepers in the country. Motorised traffic is banned from the complex surrounding the Taj Mahal. Opening hours are 6am-7pm daily except Fridays. Admission is Rs750 (£9) for foreigners and Rs20 (25p) for Indian nationals.

WHERE SHALL I SLEEP?

Undoubtedly the best placed and smartest hotel in Agra is the Oberoi Amarvilas at Taj East Gate Road (00 91 562 223 1515; www.oberoihotels.com). It is less than 500m from the Taj, and offers staggering views of the mausoleum from each of its 105 bedrooms. Doubles start at around Rs18,000 (£215).

Agra's mid-range hotels lack character: as good a bet as any is the four-star Clarks Shiraz, 54 Taj Road (00 91 11 562 222 6129; www.hotelclarksshiraz.com), favoured by many tour companies: a deluxe double facing the Taj Mahal costs Rs6,500 (£74). Jaipur does better: plump for the pleasant three-star Umaid Bhawan, D1-2A Bani Park (00 91 141 231 6184; www.umaidbhawan.com) - a modern building on a residential street done up as a heritage-style palace. Spacious deluxe doubles are a snip at £20. Decent mid-range hotels in Delhi include Nirula's, L-135 Connaught Place (00 91 11 2341 7419; www.nirula.com), with well-kept three-star doubles from Rs5,100 (£59), and similarly house-proud Alka, P-16/90 Connaught Place (00 91 11 2334 4000; www.hotelalka.com), with doubles from Rs3,600 (£42). All prices quoted here exclude breakfast.

AND EAT?

Trustworthy mid-range eateries in central New Delhi include the Banana Leaf, at N-12 Connaught Place (00 91 11 2331 2355), a good, family-style restaurant serving up South Indian specialities such as dosa alongside excellent thalis. Nirula's, at L-135 Connaught Place (00 91 11 2341 7419; www.nirula.com), is another sound bet.

Alternatively, you could opt for wraps, paninis and light bites at Barista, a chain of WiFi-enabled espresso bars with more than 20 outlets in Delhi alone, including a branch at N-16 Connaught Place (00 91 11 2335 6076; www.barista.co.in). Barista is also in Jaipur (00 91 141 510 8958), in the mall opposite the Raj Mandir cinema, but here an excellent choice is the LMB restaurant on Johari Bazaar (00 91 141 256 5844; www.hotellmb.com), where all the food is pure vegetarian.

In Agra, decent options outside the big hotels are few: cautious eaters should avoid the hole-in-the-wall restaurants occupying the alleys around the Taj Mahal and instead take a rickshaw out to Only, a garden restaurant at 45 Taj Road (00 91 562 222 6834) which attracts local family parties as readily as Western tour groups. Sit out on its shaded lawns for splendid Mughlai cooking. At all of these, expect to pay around 150-300 rupees (roughly £1.75-3.50) for a full meal.

HOW DO I GET THERE?

Air India (020 7495 7950; www.airindia.com), British Airways (0870 850 9850; www.ba.com), Jet Airways (0800 026 5626; www.jetairways.com) and Virgin Atlantic (0870 380 2007; www.virgin-atlantic.com) fly daily from London Heathrow non-stop to Delhi.

Another possible gateway is Amritsar, north-west of Delhi, with non-stop flights from Birmingham on Air India and Heathrow on Jet; the latter can do competitive "open-jaw" deals into one city and out of the other.

AND GET AROUND?

You may find that getting from Delhi to Agra to Jaipur comprises the most evocative aspect of an Indian holiday. Domestic flights notwithstanding, Indians still clock up a phenomenal quantity of rail miles and, in general, the trains are well organised and efficient. Trains have eight classes of travel, from unreserved wooden benches to air-conditioned berths that include bedding and meals. Each class has its own code, which you'll need to know. In addition, every train service is identified by a four-digit train number, quoted in the timetable, and every station is identified by its own alphabetic code - very important in cities such as Agra, where there is more than one large station.

Booking ahead is essential: you generally can't just turn up, buy a ticket and board. Online booking is possible up to two months in advance at www.irctc.co.in, with some restrictions; see the useful explanation of how to do this at www.seat61.com.

Alternatively, turn your itinerary over to SD Enterprises (020 8903 3411; www.indiarail.co.uk), which sells point-to-point tickets, itineraries and IndRail passes - which come in a variety of options from half a day in second class (£6) to 90 days in air-conditioned comfort (£550). The official Indian Railways website is at www.indianrail.gov.in.

To find your train amidst the crowds and the chaos, choose a porter at the station entrance, show him your ticket and (for a small fee) he will carry your bags to the correct platform. As a guide, the basic fare from Delhi to Agra in a comfortable, airline-style reclining seat is 375 rupees (about £4.50). The fastest journey is under two hours on the New Delhi-Bhopal Shatabdi (express), which leaves New Delhi at 6.15am and arrives at Agra's Cantonment station just after 8am, well before the crowds arrive. The corresponding train in the opposite direction leaves Agra at 8.30pm.

The journey time from the capital to Jaipur is around five hours. Between Jaipur and Agra, the Jaipur-Gwalior Express covers the ground in four hours. Although taxis are cheap, the classic way to get around Indian cities is by auto-rickshaw. A hair-raising ride rarely costs more than £1.

WHAT KINDS OF PACKAGE TOURS ARE THERE?

Dozens of companies offer itineraries centred on the Golden Triangle, from a few days in Delhi up to lengthy multi-centre itineraries, which often include tiger-watching and other diversions.

One long-established India operator is Voyages Jules Verne (020-7616 1000; www.vjv.co.uk), which is the budget arm of Kuoni. The nine-night Golden Triangle tour skims Delhi in favour of a two-night stay at Kuchaman Fort, near Jaipur; it runs twice a week for much of the year, with keen prices from £715 per person. Cox & Kings (020 7873 5000; www.coxandkings.co.uk) offers the one-week "Indian Experience". Centred on the Golden Triangle, it includes five-star accommodation, with one night at the former hunting lodge of the Maharaja of Jaipur. It runs more or less weekly, year-round, from £995 per person. Both companies have many other options available. In addition, Bales Worldwide (0845 057 1819; www.balesworldwide.com) has an eight-night Discover India itinerary, which covers the classic route, plus a train ride to Gwalior Fort, south of Agra, from £1,295. Innovative alternatives include the 16-night "Tigers and Palaces" tour from Essential India (01225 868 544; www.essential-india.co.uk), featuring a relaxed itinerary around the Golden Triangle and beyond, from £1,296 - but not including international flights.

To see the Golden Triangle in style, opt for the "Palace on Wheels" (00 91 11 23325939; www.palaceonwheels.com), a private luxury train that plies a week-long route from Delhi to Jaipur, on into Rajasthan and back via Agra. Its plush, carpeted interiors include two dining cars and roomy bedrooms decorated in Rajasthani style. Several operators, including Voyages Jules Verne and Great Rail Journeys (01904 527 174; www.greatrail.com), offer Palace on Wheels itineraries.

IS 'DELHI BELLY' INEVITABLE?

Not at all. Bottled water is available everywhere cheaply - this is fine for a week or two's visit, but if you're staying longer you should be aware of the environmental consequences of plastic waste, and consider taking water-purifying tablets with you.

Antibacterial hand gel is widely available from pharmacies in Britain, and cuts out the need to hunt for soap and water at every snack stop.

BREAKING THE TRIANGLE

Once you've explored the Golden Triangle there are plenty of options for striking out alone. Near Agra lies Fatehpur Sikri, a deserted, hugely atmospheric Moghul palace complex, as well as the magnificent Keoladeo Ghana National Park on the outskirts of Bharatpur. Sariska Wildlife Sanctuary is near Jaipur, as is Amber Fort, another splendid Moghul hilltop palace. From Kalka, north of Delhi, a historic "toy train" follows a scenic narrow-gauge line up to the Himalayan hill-station of Shimla, summer capital of the British Raj.

The most enticing side-trip is to Amritsar, capital of Punjab state and the holiest city in Sikhism, to visit the Golden Temple and the Jallianwalla Bagh gardens. This can be done in a day by train, departing New Delhi at 7.20am and returning at 10.50pm, giving four hours (1-5pm) in Amritsar.